Evaluating the Renal and Splenic Protective Effects of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract in Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Male Sprague Dawle

Proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) extracted from grape seeds is a rich and diverse source of proanthocyanidins, which have demonstrated beneficial effects on various physiological processes. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of proanthocyanidins on renal and splenic conditions induced by diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) in rats. Four groups of eight-week-old male Sprague Dawley (S.D) rats were established: the first group served as the normal control, the second group was administered DEN at a dose of 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally (IP), the third group received the same DEN dose as the second group followed by GSPE administered via intragastric lavage (300 mg/kg body weight per day), and the fourth group received 300 mg/kg body weight per day of GSPE by intragastric administration. The results revealed a significant decrease in albumin (Alb) and total protein (TP) levels in the DEN group, while treatment with GSPE led to an improvement or normalization of these parameters. In the DEN group, urea (Ur) and creatinine (Cr) levels were significantly elevated, and GSPE treatment resulted in an improvement or restoration of these values to normal levels. Significant elevations were observed in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and total bilirubin (TB) levels. Treatment with GSPE showed improvement in kidney tissues upon microscopic examination. In the DEN group, there was evidence of glomerular shrinkage with a wide capsular gap and debris in the renal tubule lumen. Additionally, the spleen tissue exhibited poorly defined boundaries, congestion in the splenic artery, and reduced cellularity of the red pulp when examined microscopically in the DEN group; however, significant improvements were noted in the GSPE-treated group.