Evaluating the Renal and Splenic Protective Effects of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract in Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Male Sprague Dawle

 
Proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE), obtained from grape seeds, is a rich and diverse source of proanthocyanidins, which have been demonstrated to exhibit beneficial effects on a variety of physiological processes. The objective of this study was to investigate the renoprotective and plenoprotective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin against toxicity induced by Diethy-lnitrosamine (DEN) in rats. Twenty-four adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups, with six rats per group. The first group served as the normal control and received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of physiological saline. The second group was administered DEN at a dose of 200 mg/kg/body weight. The third group received the same dose of DEN as the second group, followed by daily intragastric lavage administration of GSPE (300 mg/kg body weight).  Lastly, the fourth group received daily intragastric administration of GSPE at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight. The results of this study revealed a significant decrease in serum albumin and total protein levels in the DEN-treated group, while treatment with GSPE led to an improvement or normalization of these biochemical parameters. In the DEN-only group, serum urea and creatinine levels were found to be significantly elevated, and GSPE treatment resulted in an improvement with restoration of these renal function markers to normal levels. Additionally, there were significant elevations observed in the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), as well as total bilirubin (TB) levels in the DEN-treated group. Notably, GSPE treatment exhibited a protective effect, showing improvements in these hepatic function indicators. Microscopic examination of the kidney tissues revealed evidence of glomerular shrinkage with a wide capsular gap and debris in the renal tubule lumen in the DEN-treated group, while GSPE treatment showed improvement in the renal histological architecture. Additionally, microscopic examination of the spleen tissue revealed poorly defined boundaries, congestion in the splenic artery, and reduced cellularity of the red pulp in the DEN-treated group. However, the group receiving GSPE treatment exhibited significant improvements in the splenic histological architecture, with a restoration of the normal splenic tissue organization and vasculature when compared to the DEN-only group.