Egyptian Society for Environmental SciencesCatrina: The International Journal of Environmental Sciences1687-50522220071101Characterization of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)Wild Relatives In Coastal Salt Marshes atWadi El-Gemal Protectrate10511218601ENRaafatAbd El-WahabBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
Science Department, Faculty of Basic Education, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Adailiya 73251, KuwaitMohammadWahdanHorticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture,
Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, EgyptJournal Article20181108The present study focuses on characterization of an important salt tolerant species, the date palm
(Phoenix dactylifera L.) genetic resources growing naturally at delta of Wadi El-Gemal, one of the
main protectorates at Red Sea coastal area, Egypt. Five sites were selected at date palm grove
dominating the delta for soil and plant sampling and field measurements. Particle size distribution, pH,
EC, and organic matter were analyzed in rhizosphere soils. Chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, and
magnesium were analyzed in both surface soil samples and dried leaves of date palm. Statistical
evaluation of the obtained data showed significant variations in silt and clay content, EC, and available
content of Cl-, Na+, K+, and Ca2+ between different sites. Soils of W. El-Gemal delta are strongly saline
with highly significant variation between different sites (EC= 62.98 ± 31.97 dS m-1). Accumulation of
certain ions in date palm leaves was highly correlated with soil ions. The high accumulation of Na+ and
Cl- may serve as useful mechanism for providing osmotic solutes to enable the date palm to be the
most salt tolerant fruit species. The high salinity tolerance of the date palm tree makes it a good model
for saline soil reclamations. The Delta of W. El-Gemal holds an important wild relative of date palm
and the authors recommend that this delta should have a special concern within the protectorate as an
important hot spot for in situ conservation of date palm genetic resources.Egyptian Society for Environmental SciencesCatrina: The International Journal of Environmental Sciences1687-50522220071101Identification of Embryogenic Callus and in vitro Somatic Embryo Formation in Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hook f.11311718603ENNor AzlinaHasbullahInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaRosnaTahaInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.AsmahAwalMARA University of Technology, Negeri Sembilan Branch, 72000 Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, MalaysiaJournal Article20181108In vitro cultures of Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hook f. were initiated from leaf explants. White
friable callus was formed after 4 weeks at an average of 70% onMurashige and Skoog (MS) medium
supplemented with 2, 4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The identification of somatic embryos at
early stages was done by treatment with 2% Acetocarmine and 0.5% Evan’s Blue (double staining
method). The embryogenic head cells stained bright red (acetocarmine) and suspensor cells stained
blue in an embryogenic mass. In the mass of non-embryogenic callus, cells did not show any
organization of heads and suspensors and will stain blue with Evan’s Blue. White-cream friable
embryogenic callus of Gerbera jamesonii was formed after 4 weeks when leaf explants were cultured
on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l-2.0 mg/l 2, 4-D, 3.0% sucrose and solidified with 0.8%
agar. The embryogenic callus was transferred into MS suspension culture medium supplemented with
1.0 mg/l 2, 4-D and 0.1 mg/l Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and was subcultured at 10 days interval
for 1 month. Subsequent withdrawal of 2, 4-D from induction medium resulted in the induction and
growth of somatic cells. Somatic embryos formed at globular phase were then sieved and transferred
into maturation medium. Heart, torpedo and cotyledon phases of somatic embryo were identified.Egyptian Society for Environmental SciencesCatrina: The International Journal of Environmental Sciences1687-50522220071101Comparison of Various Bioactive Compounds in Leaves and Seeds of Tribulus longipetalus Viv.11912318605ENInasMohamedMedicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Desert Research Center, El-Mataria, Cairo, EgyptJournal Article20181108A study was conducted to analyze different bioactive compounds in Leaves and seeds of Tribulus
longipetalus include saponins, total proteins, amino acids, fat and flavonoids with one and two
dimensional, thin layer and column chromatography followed by spectrophotometric analysis. Results
indicate that leaves contained high concentrations of flavonoids and fat. Whereas levels of saponins,
proteins, amino acids, total minerals and other organic compounds were high in seeds. The analysis of
leaves and seeds of Tribulus longipetalus for these valuable organic compounds will provide important
raw materials that can be used for preparation of medicines in pharmaceuticals companies. A single
subcutaneous dose of CCl4 (5.93ml kg*1b.wt. which represents 24h LD100) severed as a toxicant, was
used in this study. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction was the most active fraction, then
butanol, aqueous and dichloromethane fraction. By subjecting the ethyl acetate fraction to column
chromatography it afforded fractions which are effective in reducing CCl4 induced mortalities. The
efficiency of the isolated glycosides in reducing CCl4 –induced mortalities and some disturbances in
biochemical parameters (liver transaminases AST, ALT and creatine kinas CK activities, serum urea
and serum creatinine) were investigated in adult female Bufo regularis (Egyptian toads). The
biochemical studies confirmed the bioassay studies. This suggestes that these saponin glycosides may
be promoting in modulating CCl4- induced lethality and most of its toxic effects.Egyptian Society for Environmental SciencesCatrina: The International Journal of Environmental Sciences1687-50522220071101Seed Infestation and Insect Damage of Acacia tortilis Pods inWadi Mandar, Saint Catherine Protectorate, South Sinai, Egypt12513218606ENGhadaAbdel-GhanyDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, EgyptSamyZalatDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, EgyptAhmedAbo-GhaliaDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, EgyptFayezSemidaDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, EgyptJournal Article20181108Acacia trees are of great importance to Bedouin life where they provide a stable browse for their
flocks, especially for camels and goats where their pods and leaves showed good level of digestible
protein and energy. The present study was undertaken in Wadi Mandar, South Sinai, Egypt.
Observations were made for insects and araneids causing seeds damage of six Acacia tortilis trees
(subspecies tortilis and raddiana) during four months in 2002 (April to July). The highest month of
pods infestation was in June. Insects were represented by a number of 10 genera from 4 insect orders:
Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera. The highest number of individuals belonged to
order Coleoptera (Family: Bruchidae). In addition two parasitic wasp species were recorded. On the
other hand, two species of spiders were also found (family: Thomisidae and Salticidae). The total
number of infested seeds was 2603 with a percentage value of the infested seeds to healthy ones was
64.34 %. The degree of infestation of pods results showed that the most common degree of infestation
in all months was the mildly infestation (1–3 pores or holes per pod). The results of the severity of
infestation of seeds revealed that the highest rank in the infested seeds was the completely destroyed
seeds. A conclusion drawn from this study is that Acacia tree in our desert ecosystem is exposed to a
considerable insects and spiders threats which makes it need more attention to maintain this great
wealth.Egyptian Society for Environmental SciencesCatrina: The International Journal of Environmental Sciences1687-50522220071101Long-term Stability of Two Rauwolfia serpentina Cell Strains13313618607ENIgorAndreevInstitute of Molecular Biology & Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
Str. Acad. Zabolotnogo, 150, Kiev-143, 03143, UkraineDanielAdnofInstitute of Molecular Biology & Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
Str. Acad. Zabolotnogo, 150, Kiev-143, 03143, UkraineKaterinaSpiridonovaInstitute of Molecular Biology & Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
Str. Acad. Zabolotnogo, 150, Kiev-143, 03143, UkraineViktorKunakhInstitute of Molecular Biology & Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
Str. Acad. Zabolotnogo, 150, Kiev-143, 03143, UkraineJournal Article20181108In these latter days there is ever growing demand for medicinal drugs and nutrient supplements of natural
origin, in particular derived from plant raw material. At the same time, exhaustion of natural resources
has risen the problem of search for new alternative sources of plant raw material. Cell biotechnology may
propose the way out of this situation. Development of the techniques for maintenance of the plant cells,
tissues and organs under controlled conditions on the artificial nutrient media provides the possibility for
production of desirable amounts of ecologically clean plant biomass. In this work we investigated the
long-term genetic stability of plant tissue culture, which is prerequisite for its durable use for industrial
production of plant based drugs. Genetic analysis of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. cultured tissues from
two strains to be sampled with an interval of time more than 10 years was carried out through RAPDPCR.
The genome of cultured plant cells was found to lack of obvious changes during long-term
maintenance. The data obtained evidence for significant stability of the tissue culture under growth in
standard condition. Used RAPD-markers seem to allow differentiate various strains of cultured R.
serpentina tissues.Egyptian Society for Environmental SciencesCatrina: The International Journal of Environmental Sciences1687-50522220071101Abundance and diversity of Acacia tortilis insects and araneids fauna inWadi Mandar, Saint Catherine Protectorate, South Sinai, Egypt13714518608ENAhmedAbo-GhaliaDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, EgyptGhadaAbdel-GhanyDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, EgyptSamyZalatDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, EgyptFayezSemidaDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, EgyptJournal Article20181108Due to the economic importance of Acacia tortilis trees in the desert ecosystem, a study was made
concerning these trees in wadi Mandar, Saint Catherine Protectorate, South Sinai, Egypt. Thus,
abundance and diversity of major insects and araneids species were searched. Collection was achieved
by using pitfall traps technique in the trees area. Results indicate a total of 19467 individual insects and
araneids. They belong to 68 species of which 58 species were identified. The collected species were
included in 37 families belonging to 13 orders. The most abundant insect species was Monomoriun
niolticum (O. Hymenoptera, F. Formicidae). On the other hand, the most abundant araneid species was
Stegodyphus dufori (F. Eresidae). Separated curves for each insect and araneid order were constructed
to determine the most abundant species in each order. Species diversity pattern of Acacia insects and
araneids for the tree types was determined and the same was made among months of the study period.
A detailed discussion was made to elucidate results of this research in relation to other authors.Egyptian Society for Environmental SciencesCatrina: The International Journal of Environmental Sciences1687-50522220071101Changes inWater Relations, Proline Content and Leaf Anatomy Induced by Drought in Olea europea (L.) cv. Picual14715218609ENEmadAl SherifBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Beni Suef University, EgyptAdelGodaHorticulture Research Station at Seds, Beni Suef, EgyptJournal Article20181108Water relations parameters, proline content as well as leaf anatomical characteristics were studied in
olive cultivar (Olea europea (L.) cv. picual) grown under different levels of available water. The
results clearly show that total osmotic adjustment increased and the relative water content decreased
with increasing severity of drought. Drought stress resulted in an increase of the upper and lower
epidermis and significantly decreased the palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma and the total leaf
thickness with a parallel increase of the free proline content.Egyptian Society for Environmental SciencesCatrina: The International Journal of Environmental Sciences1687-50522220071101Biodiversity of the Ground Spiders in Southern Area of Port Said Governorate, Egypt15315818610ENAbeerShabanDepartment of Biological and geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, University of Suez Canal, Port-SaidHishamEl-HinawyArachnid Collection of Egypt (ACE), Cairo, EgyptMohamedBedirDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Suez Canal, Ismailia, EgyptFayezSemidaDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Suez Canal, Ismailia, EgyptAhmedAbo-GhaliaDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, 41522 Ismailia, EgyptImanBahgatDepartment of Biological and geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, University of Suez Canal, Port-SaidJournal Article20181108Ground spiders were sampled, by using pitfall traps, in a nested design from four different localities
in the southern area of Port Said Governorate, through 15 months (from July 2004 to September
2005). The localities represented three different human impact activities (industrial, animal rearing
and cultivated, in addition to control) through 15 months (from July 2004 to September 2005). Each
locality was represented by two separated sampling sites (20X20 meters), and each site had twenty
individual traps distributed systematically. Habitat characteristics and plant cover were clearly
different among the four localities and to a less extent within localities. Species diversity did not
significantly vary spatially; while it significantly varied temporally among the different localities
during the study period. Both cultivated and animal rearing sites showed the highest diversity; while
the industrial sites recorded the highest species richness. The different localities had distinct and
characteristic groups of species responding to habitat characters.Egyptian Society for Environmental SciencesCatrina: The International Journal of Environmental Sciences1687-50522220071101Morphological, Anatomical and Tissue Culture Studies on Xylocarpus granatum15916218611ENNoormaHaronInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaRosnaTahaInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaJournal Article20181108Xylocarpus species are important endangered mangrove species in Malaysia. One of the economic
importance of the species, particularly Xylocarpus granatum is for wood carving. Hence, there is an
urgent need to conserve the species. In the present study, some morphological, anatomical and tissue
culture studies were carried out on Xylocarpus granatum. To date, there is no record on detailed
morphological study of the species. Therefore, it is one of the aims of the study to investigate the
morphological characteristics of the species. Anatomical studies on the leaf and primary stem were also
carried out. Scanning electron microscope study revealed the presence of sunken, anomocytic-type
stomata on the abaxial surface of the leaf. Results from anatomical studies showed the presence of
thick cuticle on both abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaf. Sunken stomata and thick cuticle are
adaptations of mangrove species to reduce transpiration. Tannin cells were also observed in the leaf
lamina and primary stem and this needs further investigation. Regeneration of this species from tissue
culture had been attempted, however, only callus formation was observed. Formation of callus from
leaf segments, young stems and flower buds were observed after three weeks being cultured on MS
medium supplemented with 2.5mg/l 2,4, Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). MS medium
supplemented with 10 mg/l 2,4-D and 10mg/l Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) managed to produce
87.5% callus after 14 days in culture when leaf explants were used. It was observed that more calli
were formed when the cultures were maintained in the dark. At pH 4.0, the cultures seemed to form
faster and more calli were formed. The addition of 0.1g/l sodium chloride (NaCl) to MS medium
produced 70% callus. The callus produced was analysed to see whether they are embryogenic or nonembryogenic.
A few callus cells were found to be in the globular stage of embryogenesis but failed to
develop further. Work is in progress to induce somatic embryogenesis in this species.Egyptian Society for Environmental SciencesCatrina: The International Journal of Environmental Sciences1687-50522220071101Effect of Magnetism on Some Morphological Characters in Sweet Basil Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae)16317418612ENWafaaTaiaAlexandria University, Faculty of Science, Botany Department, Alexandria-EgyptAbeerKotbiBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, EgyptJournal Article20181108Thirty six morphological characters have been studied in sweet basil plants which were cultivated
under the influence of magnetic forces. Two groups of sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum, seeds have been
subjected to this study. The first group has been cultivated under three different magnetic regimes
originated from permanent magnets: 1- above soil surface, 2- at soil surface and 3- under soil surface.
The second group of sweet basil seeds was exposed to one to six static magnetic cycles, each last 1/2
an hour to 14.36mT with one hour interval between the two cycles. After three months of cultivations,
the effects of magnetism at the different magnetic forces and different seed cycles were assessed using
36 morphological characters compared with the control group. The results obtained showed that
magnetism, in the three regimes, affected the maturity of the flowers, pollen grains, and seeds and
micropyles shapes. Both the magnet positions and magnetic forces affect the examined characters. The
more affected characters were the root and shoot systems lengths; the number of lateral branches; the
number of leaves and their sizes and color as well as the lengths of aerial branches carrying the
inflorescences. The most positively affected plants were those with the magnet above soil surface,
followed by the magnet under soil surface. The least affected plants are those exposed to the surface
magnet. Plants resulted from few cycles of exposure to the seeds, have better morphological characters
than the control ones. Whereas plants resulted from three cycle's seeds were the most exhausted plants.
Those resulted from four cycles seeds started to be morphologically adapted, but the physiological
processes of the plants seemed to be disturbed with the increase in the number of cycles. Number of
lateral branches and total number of leaves increased significantly at four, five and six cycles of seed
exposure but the seeds became fragile and the pollen grains shape has been slightly changed.Egyptian Society for Environmental SciencesCatrina: The International Journal of Environmental Sciences1687-50522220071101Some Aspects of the Reproductive Biology of the Pink Ear Emperor Lethrinus Lentjan (Lacepède, 1802) in Red Sea Coast of Yemen17518118613ENMuradAl-AreekiMarine Biology Department, Faculty of Marine Science and Environment, Hodeidah University, YemenAshrafAhmedMarine Science Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, EgyptMohammadEL-MorMarine Science Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, EgyptSalahEL-EtrebyMarine Science Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, EgyptJournal Article20181108Some aspects of the reproductive biology of the Lethrinus lentjan (Lacepède, 1802), in Yemen coastal
water of the Red Sea were studied from April 2003 to March 2004. Five maturity stages were
described for gonad development based on external features. Following the monthly changes of
different maturity stages, as well as gonadosomatic indices the spawninmg season extended from
March to June with a peak in April-May. Sexual maturation in female started at about 170 mm and the
size at which 50% of females mature was determined as 185mm, being completed at 260mm. Sizerelated
discrepancy in female to male sex ratio was observed where females generally predominated in
the smaller sizes and males in the larger sizes.The total fecundity ranged from 80295 for 192 mm TL
female to 837251 for 400 mm female.Egyptian Society for Environmental SciencesCatrina: The International Journal of Environmental Sciences1687-50522220071101Biodiversity and Conservation of Flora of Carey Island, Malaysia18318718614ENNoormaHaronInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaRosnaTahaInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya,
Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaJournal Article20181108Floristic surveys were conducted at six sites of Carey Island, Malaysia. From the surveyed sites, 53
species that belong to 48 genera and 30 families had been identified. The common species recorded were
Avicennia alba, A. intermedia, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Ceriops tagal, Nypa fruticans, Rhizophora
apiculata, R. mucronata, Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum and X.
moluccensis. However, the dominant pteridophytes were Adiantum flabellulatum, Lygodium salicifolium
and Nephrolepis biserrata. With special interest to mangrove sites, the majority of the identified species
are of economic importance either as a source of food, medicine, wood, ornamentals or for coastal
protection. Xylocarpus species are considered as important endangered mangrove species in Malaysia.
Therefore, propagation of these species through tissue culture, as an approach for conservation, has been
initiated.Egyptian Society for Environmental SciencesCatrina: The International Journal of Environmental Sciences1687-50522220071101In vitro Formation of Synthetic Seed from Microshoots of Begonia x hiemalis Fotch18919218615ENAsmahAwal1MARA University of Technology, Negeri Sembilan Branch, 72000 Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, MalaysiaRosnaTahaInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.NorHasbullahInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaJournal Article20181108Artificial seed or synthetic seed formation of Begonia x hiemalis Fotch var. Schwabenland Red had been
induced from leaf explants in vitro. The explants were cultured on (Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium
supplemented with combinations of 1.0 mg/l Benzylamino purine (BAP) and 1.0 mg/l Naphthalene acetic
acid (NAA). After 8 weeks, regenerated microshoots were excised from leaf cultures and microshoots
successfully encapsulated in 3% sodium alginate solution together withMS salt solution and polymerized
within 1.0M CaCl2.2H2O solution for 30 minutes. The beads produced were with firm coats, round beads
and uniform size and in good shape for handling. The results demonstrate that the optimum germination
and survival rate of encapsulated matrix was in MS medium containing 3% sodium alginate solution
supplemented with 3% sucrose, 1.0 mg/l BAP in combination with 1.0 mg/l NAA. The viability of the
encapsulated micro shoots after storage period at 4 C was also determined. High germination rate
(100%) was achieved after 1-3 months storage whereas low germination rate (7-53%) was obtained after
4-6 months storage. The seeds were also successfully germinated in three different germination media
including MS basal, garden soil and vermiculite.Egyptian Society for Environmental SciencesCatrina: The International Journal of Environmental Sciences1687-50522220071101Evaluation of the Biocontrol Activity of Different Trichoderma Formulations19320118616ENOmarAbdul WahidDepartment of Botany, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, EgyptAbd El WahidMoustafaDepartment of Botany, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, EgyptMetwallyMetwallyDepartment of Botany, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, EgyptJournal Article20181108Several natural organic products were tested for their capability to support the growth and sporulation
of Trichoderma. These were pagass, rice straw, sawdust, peanut shell and whey. Rice straw gave the
highest sporulation followed by sawdust. On the other hand, whey, which gave no spores when added
to any of the aforementioned materials, increased the growth and sporulation. Spores viability of
Trichoderma was measured at intervals of 10 days for two months. Field experiment revealed different
responses of kidney bean plant to the treatment with these substrates. Trichoderma with rice straw
were the most effective. It significantly reduced Sclerotinia rot disease and supported plant growth
compared to control, and all other used materials. Pagass alone showed a great effect on plant vigor.Egyptian Society for Environmental SciencesCatrina: The International Journal of Environmental Sciences1687-50522220071101A preliminary Investigation of Man-Made Effects on Water Quality and Phytoplankton of Lake Nasser and NearbyWater Bodies20321118617ENAhmedEl-OtifyDepartment of Botany, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, EgyptJournal Article20181108Water quality as well as phytoplankton qualitative and quantitative compositions of different aquatic
habitats (Lake Nasser, fish ponds, and potable water) in a reclaimed cultivated area on the west shore
of Lake Nasser were investigated in winter of 2007. In spite of the sampling sites were located in close
proximity, the data obtained may indicate that the different water habitats acquired specific
environmental conditions and man-made effects. The relatively alkaline pH value and oxygen super
saturation of the majority of water samples may be in part attributed to the photosynthetic activity of
phytoplankton. The differences that were recorded in nutrient concentrations of the collected water
samples could be mainly due to the phytoplankton density, human activity in the vicinity of sampling
sites in Lake Nasser, or due to manuring with various nutrients in fish ponds. The structure of
phytoplankton assemblages revealed a floristic diversity and composed of various species appertaining
to green algae, diatoms, cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates. Numerically, diatoms dominated the
phytoplankton community in Lake Nasser and drinking water habitats. However, in fish ponds, green
algae represented the dominant group. Species diversity did not differ significantly among the three
investigated habitats. The sustainable management plan of the aquatic ecosystems in this region should
include establishment of environmental monitoring system in order to record any alterations that may
take place in water quality. For potable water supply, maintenance of high-quality water should be
among the principal priorities in management plans